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Stock research / Formulas

Formulas

Each ratio on a company page is arithmetic on the filed lines, named here with its formula. A reader's own ratio is a formula over these identifiers and the statement lines, evaluated in your browser against the company's own figures and kept in that browser, and on your account once you sign in.

Ready-made ratios

29 ratios worked from the filed lines. Add puts one on every company page you open, beside the ratios already there; remove it there with its ×.

Valuation

Earnings yield, %Earnings over price, the P/E read the other way round, to set beside a bond yieldeps_ttm / price * 100
FCF yield, %Free cash flow of the last four quarters over the market capfcf_ttm / market_cap * 100
EV / salesEnterprise value over revenue: the price of the whole business, debt included, per dollar of salesev / revenue_ttm
Price to salesMarket cap over revenue of the last four quartersmarket_cap / revenue_ttm
Price to FCFMarket cap over free cash flow of the last four quartersmarket_cap / fcf_ttm
Price to operating cash flowMarket cap over operating cash flowmarket_cap / ocf_ttm
PEG on 3-year profit growthP/E over three-year compounded profit growth; empty when profit shrankpe_ttm / profit_cagr_3y
Price vs 52-week high, %How far the price sits under its high of the last year(price / high_52w - 1) * 100

Profitability

Return on assets, %Net income over total assetsnet_income_ttm / assets * 100
ROE, 3-year average, %Return on equity averaged over three fiscal yearsroe_avg_3y
ROE, last fiscal year, %Return on equity in the last fiscal yearroe_fy
EBITDA margin, %Earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortisation over revenueebitda_ttm / revenue_ttm * 100
Effective tax rate, %Income tax over pre-tax incometax_rate_ttm

Debt

Net debt / EBITDAYears of EBITDA it would take to pay the debt less cashnet_debt / ebitda_ttm
Cash / debt, %Cash against borrowingscash / debt * 100
Debt / assets, %How much of what it owns is paid for with borrowingdebt / assets * 100
Equity / assets, %How much of what it owns belongs to shareholdersequity / assets * 100

Cash and returns

Capex / revenue, %Capital spending per dollar of salescapex_ttm / revenue_ttm * 100
Capex / operating cash flow, %How much of the cash it makes goes back into the businesscapex_ttm / ocf_ttm * 100
Buyback yield, %Buybacks of the last four quarters over the market capbuybacks_ttm / market_cap * 100
Buybacks + dividends / FCFCash returned to shareholders over free cash flow(buybacks_ttm + dividends_paid_ttm) / fcf_ttm

Growth

Sales growth, last 12 months, %Revenue of the last four quarters against the four beforerevenue_growth_ttm
Sales growth, 5-year CAGR, %Revenue growth compounded over five fiscal yearsrevenue_cagr_5y
Sales growth, 10-year CAGR, %Revenue growth compounded over ten fiscal yearsrevenue_cagr_10y
Profit growth, 10-year CAGR, %Net income growth compounded over ten fiscal yearsprofit_cagr_10y

Per share

Revenue per shareRevenue of the last four quarters per sharerevenue_ttm / shares_out
Book value per shareShareholders' equity per shareequity / shares_out
FCF per shareFree cash flow of the last four quarters per sharefcf_ttm / shares_out
Cash per shareCash per sharecash / shares_out

How a formula is written

Identifiers from the tables below, numbers, and + - * / ( ). Functions over a statement line: ttm(line) the last four quarters summed, latest(line) the latest quarter, fy(line) the latest fiscal year, yoy(line) the latest quarter over the same quarter a year earlier as a percentage, avg(line, n) the average of the last n quarters, cagr(line, n) growth compounded over the last n fiscal years as a percentage. For example ttm(fcf) / market_cap * 100 is a free cash flow yield in percent, and ev / ttm(revenue) is enterprise value to sales.

Metrics, United States

IdentifierNameUnitArithmetic
revenue_qRevenue, latest quarter$as filed for the latest quarter
revenue_yoy_qRevenue growth on the year, latest quarter%latest quarter over the same quarter a year earlier, less one
net_income_qNet profit, latest quarter$as filed for the latest quarter
net_income_yoy_qNet profit growth on the year, latest quarter%latest quarter over the same quarter a year earlier, less one
eps_qEPS, latest quarter$diluted where filed
revenue_ttmRevenue, trailing twelve months$sum of the last four quarters
net_income_ttmNet profit, trailing twelve months$sum of the last four quarters
eps_ttmEPS, trailing twelve months$sum of the last four quarters' EPS as filed, on today's share count where a split or bonus issue fell inside them
revenue_growth_ttmRevenue growth, trailing twelve months%last four quarters over the four before, less one
profit_growth_ttmNet profit growth, trailing twelve months%last four quarters over the four before, less one
gross_margin_ttmGross margin, trailing twelve months%gross profit over revenue, both summed over four quarters
operating_margin_ttmOperating margin, trailing twelve months%operating income over revenue, both summed over four quarters
net_margin_ttmNet margin, trailing twelve months%net profit over revenue, both summed over four quarters
ocf_ttmOperating cash flow, trailing twelve months$sum of the last four quarters
capex_ttmCapital expenditure, trailing twelve months$sum of the last four quarters
fcf_ttmFree cash flow, trailing twelve months$operating cash flow less capital expenditure, four quarters
fcf_margin_ttmFree cash flow margin, trailing twelve months%free cash flow over revenue, four quarters
cash_conversion_ttmCash conversion, trailing twelve monthsxoperating cash flow over net profit, four quarters
tax_rate_ttmEffective tax rate, trailing twelve months%income tax over pre-tax income, four quarters
interest_cover_ttmInterest cover, trailing twelve monthsxoperating income over interest expense, four quarters
roe_ttmReturn on equity%net profit of the last four quarters over shareholders' equity at the latest balance sheet
roce_ttmReturn on capital employed%operating income of the last four quarters over equity plus borrowings at the latest quarter end
debt_to_equityDebt to equityxborrowings over shareholders' equity at the latest quarter end, both from the same balance sheet, on the basis the company filed and named beside the figure
net_debtNet debt$borrowings less cash and equivalents at the latest quarter end
cashCash and equivalents$at the latest quarter end
debtBorrowings$at the latest quarter end, on the basis the company filed; leases are never counted in it
equityShareholders' equity$at the latest quarter end
assetsTotal assets$at the latest quarter end
shares_outShares outstandingcountat the latest period end, as filed
share_count_change_1yChange in shares outstanding, one year%shares outstanding at the latest quarter end over a year earlier, less one; negative means buybacks net of issuance
buybacks_ttmBuybacks, trailing twelve months$cash paid to repurchase shares, four quarters
buybacks_2qBuybacks, last two quarters$cash paid to repurchase shares in the latest two quarters, from the cash flow statements
dividends_paid_ttmDividends paid, trailing twelve months$cash dividends paid, four quarters
dps_ttmDividend per share, trailing twelve months$sum of the last four quarters' declared dividend per share
revenue_fyRevenue, latest fiscal year$as filed for the latest fiscal year
net_income_fyNet profit, latest fiscal year$as filed for the latest fiscal year
revenue_cagr_3yRevenue growth, three years compounded%latest fiscal year over three years earlier, annualised
profit_cagr_3yNet profit growth, three years compounded%latest fiscal year over three years earlier, annualised
revenue_cagr_5yRevenue growth, five years compounded%latest fiscal year over five years earlier, annualised
profit_cagr_5yNet profit growth, five years compounded%latest fiscal year over five years earlier, annualised
revenue_cagr_10yRevenue growth, ten years compounded%latest fiscal year over ten years earlier, annualised
profit_cagr_10yNet profit growth, ten years compounded%latest fiscal year over ten years earlier, annualised
roe_fyReturn on equity, latest fiscal year%net profit of the latest fiscal year over shareholders' equity at its end
roe_avg_3yReturn on equity, three-year average%the average of the last three fiscal years' return on equity
pricePrice$the latest daily price, adjusted for splits; in the US, the last regular-hours trade on IEX
market_capMarket capitalisation$price times shares outstanding (the latest filed count, or the diluted weighted count where a company with several share classes tags no single count)
pe_ttmPrice to earningsxprice over the last four quarters' EPS as filed (net income over diluted shares for a quarter whose EPS is not filed), put on the current share count where a split or bonus fell inside them
pe_fyPrice to earnings, latest fiscal yearxfor a foreign company that files once a year (20-F, 40-F): the last close over the latest fiscal year's EPS per US-listed share, in dollars at the latest Federal Reserve rate; held back where it disagrees by more than a quarter with market cap over that year's profit
dividend_yield_fyDividend yield, latest fiscal year%for a foreign company that files once a year: cash dividends paid in the latest fiscal year, in dollars at the year's average rate, over market capitalisation
dividends_paid_fyDividends paid, latest fiscal year$for a foreign company that files once a year: cash dividends paid in the latest fiscal year, in dollars at the year's average rate
pbPrice to bookxmarket capitalisation over shareholders' equity at the latest balance sheet
evEnterprise value$market capitalisation plus borrowings less cash at the latest balance sheet
ebitda_ttmEBITDA, trailing twelve months$operating income plus depreciation and amortisation, four quarters
ev_ebitdaEV to EBITDAxenterprise value over EBITDA of the last four quarters
dividend_yieldDividend yield%dividends per share of the last twelve months over the price
mcap_salesMarket capitalisation to salesxmarket capitalisation over revenue of the last four quarters
high_52w52-week high$the highest daily close in the last 52 weeks
low_52w52-week low$the lowest daily close in the last 52 weeks
price_change_1yPrice change, one year%the latest close over the close a year earlier, less one
price_cagr_3yPrice growth, three years compounded%the latest close over the close three years earlier, annualised
price_cagr_5yPrice growth, five years compounded%the latest close over the close five years earlier, annualised
fcf_margin_years_over_20Fiscal years with FCF margin above 20%, of the last fivecountcount of the last five fiscal years whose free cash flow margin exceeded 20%
dividend_years_10Fiscal years with a dividend paid, of the last tencountcount of the last ten fiscal years with cash dividends paid
share_count_down_3yShare count fell in each of the last three fiscal yearscount1 when the diluted share count fell year on year in each of the last three fiscal years, else 0
net_debt_change_1yNet debt change, one year$net debt at the latest quarter end less net debt four quarters earlier
funds_addingFollowed funds addingcountof the 13F filers followed here, how many reported a new or larger position in the latest quarter (a change under 0.1% of the holding counts as held; a fund whose latest 13F is for an earlier quarter is not counted)
funds_trimmingFollowed funds trimmingcountof the 13F filers followed here, how many reported a smaller position or an exit in the latest quarter (a change under 0.1% of the holding counts as held; a fund whose latest 13F is for an earlier quarter is not counted)
funds_net_boughtNet bought by followed funds$shares the followed funds added in the latest quarter less the shares they trimmed or sold, times the funds' own reported value per share at that quarter end (the median across the funds holding it)
funds_net_bought_pctNet bought by followed funds, share of the company%net shares the followed funds bought in the latest quarter over the shares outstanding
funds_holdingFollowed funds holdingcountof the 13F filers followed here, how many reported the name in their latest filing
insider_buys_12mInsider market purchases, twelve monthscountopen-market purchases on Form 4
insider_sales_12mInsider market sales, twelve monthscountopen-market sales on Form 4
house_trades_6mHouse trades, six monthscountlines in periodic transaction reports filed by members of the House
days_to_coverDays to coverxshares short over average daily volume at the latest FINRA settlement
put_call_oiPut/call by open interestxput open interest over call open interest within 90 days
eightks_12m8-Ks filed, twelve monthscountcurrent reports filed with the SEC
planned_sales_12mForm 144 notices, twelve monthscountnotices of planned insider sales

Statement lines, United States (for ttm, latest, fy, yoy, avg, cagr)

LineUnit
revenueUSD
cost_of_revenueUSD
gross_profitUSD
rndUSD
sgaUSD
operating_incomeUSD
interestUSD
pretaxUSD
taxUSD
net_incomeUSD
epsUSD per share
daUSD
depreciationUSD
sbcUSD
ocfUSD
capexUSD
capex_otherUSD
fcfUSD
buybacksUSD
dividends_paidUSD
dpsUSD per share
sharesshares, diluted weighted
shares_outshares outstanding
assetsUSD
cashUSD
receivablesUSD
inventoryUSD
goodwillUSD
debtUSD
equityUSD
icfUSD
fincfUSD
liabilities_equityUSD
liabilitiesUSD
nciUSD
temp_equityUSD
depositsUSD
other_liabilitiesUSD
ppeUSD
intangiblesUSD
investmentsUSD
loansUSD
other_assetsUSD
assets_currentUSD
liabilities_currentUSD
securitiesUSD
resaleUSD
sec_borrowedUSD
trading_assetsUSD
repoUSD
trading_liabilitiesUSD
short_borrowingsUSD
short_debtUSD
niiUSD
nonintUSD
provisionUSD
gross_profit_margin%
operating_income_margin%
net_income_margin%
fcf_margin%
tax_rate%
revenue_yoy%
net_income_yoy%

A line a company does not file is empty, and a formula over it shows n/a. Nothing on this page is a valuation; it names arithmetic.